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When the vaccine shows the largest effect, where the evidence on boys and single doses ends, and what to ask a doctor if a course was started with the quadrivalent vaccine.
A low TSH usually means too much thyroid hormone, so a low free T4 next to it looks wrong. What can produce this pattern, from central hypothyroidism to serious illness, medicines and biotin, and what doctors usually check next.
A high ferritin is often read as iron overload, but in referred patients it frequently is not. Transferrin saturation sorts the possibilities. Blood removal is standard for haemochromatosis without hard-outcome trials, and in metabolic high ferritin trials found no benefit.
A low MCV with normal hemoglobin can point to one of two different things: iron deficiency that has not yet become anemia, or an inherited thalassemia trait. Why ferritin is read together with CRP, which cut-offs apply, what blood-count indices can and cannot tell, and what the trials of iron without anemia found.
The 60–100 range was set by consensus, not measured. In a large wearable study, one person's usual resting rate differed from another's by up to 70 beats, so the most useful comparison is with your own baseline — and a few signs matter more than the number.
A positive H. pylori result raises two questions: how reliable is the test, and does treating the infection change anything? Randomised trials, mostly in East Asia, give unusually clear answers — with limits worth knowing.
Rapamycin, metformin and TAME, senolytics, klotho. A plain look at the endpoints the human trials actually used — a scan, a marker, a questionnaire, a biopsy — and at what has not been shown in people.
A TSH below the range with normal T4 and T3 often returns to normal on repeat. When it persists, large cohorts link a TSH below 0.1 to atrial fibrillation and fractures, but the one randomised trial of treatment was small and inconclusive.
Near focus fades with age for almost everyone. What reading glasses, multifocal contact lenses, the newer pupil-constricting drops and lens replacement have each been tested on, what the trials measured, and where the trade-offs are.
Skipped or extra beats are usually premature beats. What a basic workup includes, which findings change the picture — burden, heart structure, beats after exercise — and what trials of drugs, ablation and coffee actually measured.
The 2010 definition of sarcopenia required low muscle mass. EWGSOP2 and the SDOC statements now start with strength, and SDOC leaves DXA lean mass out. Why the order changed, how the cut-offs differ, and what the treatment evidence shows.
For meniscus and ACL tears, randomised trials, including one against sham surgery, have compared surgery with rehabilitation. What they found, what a meniscal tear on MRI means after 50, and what the trials leave open.
Articles in this section are educational and are not medical advice, a diagnosis, or a prescription. Consult a qualified professional before acting on anything you read here.