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Three different things are sold as "genetic age": the inherited DNA sequence, telomere length and DNA methylation. What each one shows, how reproducible the measurement is, and what these tests do not say.
"Vitamin D for the elderly", "how long can you take it", "all year round?" — these are questions about regimen, not deficiency. What changes in the body after sixty, what VITAL, D-Health, DO-HEALTH and STURDY found on fractures, falls and mortality, why large infrequent doses produced more falls in several trials — and how two guidelines read the same blood test differently.
Carotid plaque is usually found by accident, and the report comes back with a percentage, a "smooth contour" and the word "stable". Here is what in that is measured and what is interpretation: why the percentage is not a severity score, what "stability" actually stands for, why calcification is not a synonym for danger, and which treatments have changed plaque in studies rather than in advertising.
You are holding a report with a percentage on it and no idea what to do with it. What is actually measured under the name "omega-3 index", why two laboratories do not compare, where the 4% and 8% zones came from, what genuinely moves the marker — and where the evidence stops.
"Thickened left ventricular wall" in an echocardiography report causes no sensation and is almost always found while looking for something else. What sits behind the phrase, what measures it, what actually reduces myocardial mass in trials — and why "regression is accompanied by fewer events" and "regression reduces risk" are different claims.
Fitness is among the strongest observational predictors of mortality. How large the association actually is, where the gradient is steepest, what randomised trials did not show, and why clinical-cohort numbers cannot be compared with a watch reading.
A lipid panel has several lines, but the decision is built around one. Where LDL's privileged position comes from, what levels it is lowered to, what lowers it — and where the evidence stops.
The difference between a biological age estimate and the calendar is not a subtraction but a regression residual. What is known about the gap, in whom it was shown, and what it does not say.
Epigenetic clocks, composite scores from clinical labs, functional tests and consumer kits count different things — which is why they give different numbers for the same person. What each method measures, where the disagreement comes from, and what follows from it.
The dynamometer sits inside the sarcopenia definition, the frailty phenotype and preoperative assessment. What is actually measured there, why cut-offs do not transfer between devices and countries — and why the association between weak grip and worse outcomes does not make grip a target.
There are many estimates of biological age and they disagree with each other. What to do about it, and what to watch instead.
A red-blood-cell measure of EPA+DHA that tracks with all-cause mortality — and responds to what you eat.
Articles in this section are educational and are not medical advice, a diagnosis, or a prescription. Consult a qualified professional before acting on anything you read here.